Homelessness in america Essay - 1369 Words

Homelessness in America nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Here in Tahoe, we are lucky enough to experience a great quality of life, and only a few have to face the horrible life of poverty and homelessness. However, nationwide, even right outside the basin, homelessness is a growing epidemic across the country. There are many ways one can become homeless; for the most part poverty. There are also different concentrations of homeless in different types of terrain, such as urban or suburban areas. Last, there is the ever- growing homeless population, and how much money it costs us for others to live in poverty. These are the questions we ask ourselves about homelessness, and the only way we can help is to know the facts about this lingering†¦show more content†¦Other factors can be domestic violence. Many women have to choose between abusive relationships or homelessness, and nearly 25% of single homeless women said they became homeless because of an abusive relationship in their previous place of residence.( 1) Health care afford ability is a minor reason for homelessness, but a reason none-the-less. More than half of people living in poverty or homelessness had no health care of any kind.(1) The reason for homelessness is an easy question to answer, how many homeless there are in the United States is a harder one. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Although it is very hard to estimate the number of homeless people in the US, we can get very close using massive amounts of studies and the census so we can at least get a good idea so we can start helping them. 52% of requests for emergency shelter for families were denied in the last year, a 22% increase from least year.(2) Homeless families in rural areas have very little or nothing to fall back on if they are faced with homelessness. They are often forced to live with friends or relatives to avoid homelessness. This is often considered homelessness and counted in studies. However, nearly half of the families requiring emergency shelter arent even as lucky as to have a friend or relative to live with.(3) The national estimate for homelessness in the United States as of 2001, was 3.5 Million people, 1.5 million of them beingShow MoreRelatedHomelessness In America1007 Words   |  5 PagesHomelessness in the United States is a serious problem that can be h elped by giving homeless people opportunities to thrive in better conditions and/or communities. Although getting them off the streets is a huge step in the right direction, other actions need to be taken. Making sure they have somebody in their corner is a huge step in that process. There are 1,750,000 homeless people on the streets at this very moment. 1 in 30 children in the US, 40% of the homeless population are also VeteransRead MoreHomelessness in America3563 Words   |  15 PagesHomelessness in America Social Program: Public Housing Introduction The issue of homelessness is one that I can relate to all too well. About twenty five years ago I found myself among the homeless. My story is simple, I had no formal education and was working a job making minimum wage. I couldn’t keep up with my rent and other living expenses and was finally evicted from my overpriced apartment. At the time I was on a waiting list for public housing for which there wasRead MoreHomelessness in America Essay1414 Words   |  6 PagesHomelessness in America Here in Tahoe, we are lucky enough to experience a great quality of life, and only a few have to face the horrible life of poverty and homelessness. However, nationwide, even right outside the basin, homelessness is a growing epidemic across the country. There are many ways one can become homeless; for the most part poverty. There are also different concentrations of homeless in different types of terrain, such as urban or suburban areas. Last, there is the ever- growingRead MoreHomelessness in America Essay1172 Words   |  5 Pagesfor homeless programs (Romeo 1). The problem of homelessness and extreme poverty is not a new occurrence; but in past years more extreme measures have been taken to combat the issue as more people become homeless. Expensive social programs and housing developments for the homeless have been created to help battle the increasing issue. Homelessness is an expensive problem that will never end; furthermore, the condition of homeless people in America is af fected by the type of education they receiveRead More Homelessness in America Essay608 Words   |  3 Pages Homelessness is not something that was created over night; it has existed for a long time; often we choose not to see the homeless, or bother with them, so we look the other way.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Homelessness is not prejudice toward race, creed, or religion--it has no boundaries; all homeless people should not be stereotyped as being drug abusers or the mentally ill that have been released from mental hospitals. Homelessness is not a disease that a person can catch from bodily contact, but it certainlyRead MoreHomelessness in America Essay1783 Words   |  8 PagesHomelessness in America Each country in the world is faced with various social issues that attract the interests of society and the government. Homelessness is an enormous issue that America has been dealing with for years. There are millions of people, including children, families, veterans, and the elderly who go day to day without food, water or any form of shelter. Mentally ill people also have a rough time out on the streets due to their state of confusion, which makes it dangerous for themRead MoreThe Effects Of Homelessness In America1846 Words   |  8 Pagesshelter or a transitional housing program between October 1st, 2008 and September 30th, 2009. The severity of homelessness is often looked over by different communities. Even here in Charlotte the number of homeless children enrolled in Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools is 4,700. While 10 percent of people in Charlotte are considered chronically homeless (National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty, 2007). America’s homeless population consists of many at-risk groups, including people sufferingRead MoreHomelessness in America Essay2028 Words   |  9 PagesAccording to Streetwise of Street News Services (2010), the first reported instances of homelessness dates as far back as 1640, in some of the larger cities in the original 13 colonies. At this time, there were wars being fought between settlers and Native Americans, and people were left with no shelter in both sides (Street News Service, 2010). Later, the industrial revolution caused more homelessness, industrial accidents left many former hard-working families with a dead provider, or with severeRead MoreEnding Homelessness in America634 Words   |  3 Pageseasily lead someone into a financial struggle. This can lead to homelessness. Homelessness is not a lifestyle that one would choose by choice. In 2003, there has been ... as many as 1.3 million Canadians that have experienced homelessness...at some point during the last 5 years. Affordable housing cos ts less on an annual basis compared to putting the homeless in prison. Canada was the last to have an action plan towards ending homelessness and as we are understanding; the prisons are being over-populatedRead MoreThe Effect of Homelessness on the Youth of America1086 Words   |  5 Pages There are millions of homeless youth in America. On any given night, you can find these children ducking into abandoned buildings, crammed up against alley dumpsters, curled inside the big yellow slide of a local playground. I imagine they are thankful for sleep, wary of a new day, but thankful nonetheless. Homelessness at such a young age if left alone, leads to increased rates of conflict. The more homeless youths now, the more our country as a whole will have to deal with divorce, mental illness

Natural Disasters And A Christian God - 1538 Words

Natural Disasters and a Christian God Over many centuries the world has experienced what we now call, natural disasters. We can define natural disasters as an extreme and sudden event caused by environmental factors that injure or kill many people and destroy mass amounts of property. Examples of natural disasters are earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, and disease. They can strike anywhere on Earth with or without warning. The severity of these disasters depend of the preparedness of the people and how vulnerable a location is. If people are in vulnerable environments natural disasters can leave lasting damage, taking people years or even lifetimes to recover. Many people in today’s world as well as ancient worlds believe that natural disasters and religion are related. Most people around the globe would consider themselves religious in some way or at least spiritual. Therefore, religion plays and important role in shaping today’s societies. Even people who do not associate themselves with a religion often ag ree that it is important and a good tool in regulating people’s behavior. Some people would even go as far as saying that natural disasters are an act of God punishing us for our sins and reminding us to repent. This paper discusses this belief along with the beliefs that God does not play a part in the destruction of his own people through occurrences that naturally happen as a result of planet Earth and its people. We can see a link between religion and disasterShow MoreRelatedChristians Beliefs on Good and Evil Essay examples1164 Words   |  5 PagesChristians Beliefs on Good and Evil Christians may believe many different things about the power of good and the power of evil. The Roman Catholic Church teaches that God is all good and perfect. They teach that God perfectly loves; they also teach that God has the power to do anything (omnipotence). But there are all kinds of evil things in the world that cause people to suffer. These include moral evil, natural evil; such as floods, disease, hurricanes, fires andRead MoreThe Christian View Of God1647 Words   |  7 Pagesexistence questions the Christian view of God. The Christian God is an all-seeing, all-powerful being of moral perfection. Because these two truths cannot coexist, the fact that evil exists disproves the existence of the Christian God. If God is omnipotent, He could prevent any injustice. Since injustice does exist, it is necessary to modify either our perception of God s morality of, the extent of his power, or the limitations of human understanding. It is unlikely that God allows for the existenceRead MoreChristians and the Environment1279 Words   |  6 PagesChristians and the Environment Alexandra Gales Liberty University Online Christians and the Environment â€Å"For this is what the Lord says, he did not create it to be empty, but formed it to be inhabited† (Isaiah 45:18 NIV). Meaning that our earthly habitat is not unexpected, it is worth more than anything in this world. â€Å"For by him all things were created: things in heaven and or earth, visible and invisible, weather thrones or powers or rulers or authorities; all things were created byRead MoreThe Existence Of Evil And Evil1591 Words   |  7 Pagesof the perfect God. If God was truly omnipotent, omniscient, and perfectly good, then why would he let terrible things happen to good people? In recent news, we have witnessed many innocent deaths caused by a school shooting, a child raped, natural disaster, and other tragic events. If God was in control of everything, does this means that he allows these bad things to happen to humanity? This suffering seems to conflicts with the images of a perfect God. It is important for Christian to acknowledgedRead MorePlato s A rgument For Evil1402 Words   |  6 Pagesfor Christians: can an omnibenevolent God exist in a world full of evil? Now, the philosopher was not talking about the Abrahamic God, he was focused more on the gods of his culture in Greece. So in order to use the words of Epicurus as an argument against the views of God held by modern day Christians, we must make some assumptions. Epicurus’ argument takes a logical and deductive analytical route with the existence of evil. This argument is not capable of being used to debate whether any God existsRead MoreThe First Seven Seals Of Revelation1493 Words   |  6 Pageshow he expects them to respond not only in the event but to how the people should act as the events unfold. In fact, the first Seven Seals of Revelation are of a prophetic nature and the statements in the book are of an emblematic imagery, in which God intends how his are to listen to His words. Consequently, as the imagery parallels to any one of these life events they are in large a warning of what will happen to His children who do not listen. In the Bible, there are many parts of these fortyRead MoreThere Are Acts Of Evil1720 Words   |  7 Pagesin our world constantly. More so than in years past, we hear about school shootings, terrorist attacks, murders, and natural disasters such as earthquakes, tornadoes and hurricanes. Everyday there is a new headline in the news that proves that evil is happening all around us. This news is seen differently from person to person based on their religious beliefs. Those who believe in God think of him as having unconditional and infinite love for us. This being said, it is very difficult for someone withRead MoreWould an All-good, All-powerful, All-knowing God Allow Evil to Exist?864 Words   |  4 PagesThis essay features the discussion of the problem of evil in relation to the existence of god. Specifically outlining two sections where the problem of evil is discussed from atheist and theistic viewpoint. Statement: The problem of evil features an argument questioning the existence of god in relation to evil, attributing both atheistic and theistic replies. First reply to problem of evil: (atheist). If god was all good, all powerful and all knowing, he would not allow the existence of evil.Read MoreThe Existence Of Evil : Evil1451 Words   |  6 Pagesexists. We question the very existence of evil, its creation, the cause and the purpose. The â€Å"theodicy† problem, or the problem of evil, has been argued multiple ways over the course of many years. If God is so good and so powerful, why does He allow evil to happen in the world? How can a loving God allow so much pain and suffering, especially among the innocent? What, if any, is the purpose of this evil? Many arguments arise from these questions. Not only do these questions fall under a religiousRead MorePersuasive Speech : Salvation Army794 Words   |  4 Pagesand who they benefit Thesis: The Salvation Army is a Christian church and an international charitable organization that helps millions by helping the poor and providing disaster relief as well as humanitarian aid to developing countries. Intro: Attention getter: The Salvation Army, an international movement, is an evangelical part of the universal Christian Church. Its message is based on the Bible. Its ministry is motivated by the love of God. Its mission is to preach the gospel of Jesus Christ

Examining Persistent High Turnover Due To Low Wages †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Hospitality Industry Of New Zealand Examining Persistent High Turnover Due To Low Wages. Answer: Introduction The hospitality industryrefers to a broad group of businesses that provide services to customers in the field of providing services in hotels, restaurants and lodges. The primary areas of this service sector based industry are accommodation, food and beverage and travel and tourism. The Tourism, Hospitality and Recreation industry of New Zealand provides is a big avenue for employment generation giving opportunities to the young generation especially including part-time jobs (Cropp, 2016). Most of the employed youth in the industry are young students working part time and studying for higher qualifications. Employee turnover in an industry refers to the given number of people in the workforce which the industry needs to replace within a fixed period of time. This aspect is of vital importance to the functioning of an organization as it affects the productivity and more so when it is service based (Mok, Sparks Kadampully, 2013). Aim of the research The aims of this research are: To understand the hospitality industry of New Zealand To find out the rate of employee turnover in New Zealand To find out the difference in the rate of turnover in comparison to a global figure. To find out that factors or the causes behind the employee turnover in this sector To understand and find out the relation between the turnover rate and the wage of the employees To understand the effects of low wages on the employees To find out how this relation affects the productivity of the hospitality industry in New Zealand. Purpose of the research The purpose of this research is to understand the scenario of employment in the hospitality industry in New Zealand. Employee turnover has been the center of research of various researchers in the recent times highlighting many aspects of the hospitality industry (Hall Rusher, 2013). In New Zealand, this sector is the highest revenue earner garnering to employment needs of its young workforce. But in the past few years the hospitality industry has faced many ups and downs leading to a volatile job market (Poulston, Jenkins, 2016). The low rate of wages earned in this service industry that involves strong commitment and dedication in providing optimum customer satisfaction has been identified as a primary reason by many international studies (Hatch, 2016). It is therefore, very important to study what are the factors that have led to a low wage system in the industry leaving the workforce de motivated to leave the job and also find out ways and means to solve this problem (Mohsin, L engler Aguzzoli, 2015). Research questions The research questions that need to be answered in the course of study are: What is the hospitality industry of New Zealand? What is the rate of employee turnover in hospitality industry of New Zealand? What is the rate of employee turnover in hospitality industry in a global scale? What are the factors or causes behind the employee turnover rate in hospitality industry of New Zealand? What is the relation between the employee turnover rate and wages? What are the effects of low wages on employee? What are the effects of the employee turnover due to low wages in the productivity of the hospitality industry of New Zealand Guiding principle The theory of causality or cause and effect relationship is the guiding force shaping the research question of the study undertaken which has also been the basis of scientific enquiry since ancient times. This theory basically explains the universal phenomenon of a cause leading to an effect. In the context of the study undertaken this forms the construct that low wages have led to the high rate of employee turnover in the hospitality industry of New Zealand. This will help finding out the answers to the research questions by significantly exploring the distinct role played by wages or remuneration existing and how it effects the employees duration of employment in that industry. Studies have showed that wages or earnings are the sole purpose of employees to continue their association in any organization (Pascoe, 2017). The motivation to work is dependent on the salaries they receive in turn for the efforts they put in to deliver as employees. If the salaries they receive are at par with the services they deliver as employees they are more motivated to stay for longer durations in that particular job and similarly are de motivated if the wages are low (Brien, Thomas Brown, 2017). This theory will therefore helpful in the course of study. References Brien, A., Thomas, N. J., Brown, E. A. (2017). How hotel employee job-identity impacts the hotel industry: The uncomfortable truth.Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management,31, 235-243. Cropp, A. (2016).Hotel staff shortages spell trouble for tourism.Stuff. Retrieved 21 July 2017, from https://www.stuff.co.nz/business/75646138/hotel-staff-shortages-spell-trouble-for-tourism. Hall, C. M., Rusher, K. (2013). Risky lifestyles? Entrepreneurial characteristics of the New Zealand bed and breakfast sector.Small in Firms Tourism, Michael, HC and K. Rusher (Eds.). Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 83-98. Hatch, P. (2016).Hospitality hit hard by mining downturn.The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 22 July 2017, from https://www.smh.com.au/business/retail/hospitality-hit-hard-by-mining-downturn-abs-figures-show-20160404-gnxn3q.html Mohsin, A., Lengler, J., Aguzzoli, R. (2015). Staff turnover in hotels: Exploring the quadratic and linear relationships. Tourism Management,51, 35-48. Mok, C., Sparks, B., Kadampully, J. (2013).Service quality management in hospitality, tourism, and leisure. Routledge. Pascoe, M. (2017).Why penalty rates for shift workers should be sharply higher.The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 22 July 2017, from https://www.smh.com.au/business/the-economy/why-penalty-rates-for-shift-workers-should-be-sharply-higher-20170223-guk5vo.html Poulston, J., Jenkins, A. (2016). Barriers to the employment of older hotel workers in New Zealand.Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality Tourism,15(1), 45-68. Shen, Y., Morrison, A. M., Wu, B., Park, J., Li, C., Li, M. (2014). Where in the world? A geographic analysis of a decade of research in tourism, hospitality, and leisure journals.Journal of Hospitality Tourism Research.

Studies on International Fiscal Law

Question: Discuss about the Studies on International Fiscal Law. Answer: Introduction: Residency test means the test based on the residential status of an individual. It is important to calculate the residential status of an individual. According to Australian Law if a person resides in Australia, he/she is considered as an Australian resident for taxation purpose. In this case, he does not require passing the residency test of the country. There are three judicial tests to calculate the residential status of an individual in Australia which are as below: The domicile test: The term domicile means a person has a permanent home in one country, i.e. in his home country. A person can be treated as an Australian resident if he is residing in the country by constructing or owning his home in Australia unless he satisfies that his permanent home is outside Australia. Test based on 183 days: According to Australian Law, if a person resides in the country for more than a period of 180 days during their financial year, either continuously or by taking breaks in the tenure, than the person in this case can be treated as the constructive residence of the country unless he satisfies that his permanent residence is outside the country, moreover, he dont have any intention to stay in the country permanently. Test based on Superannuation method: It is helpful for those people who work for the government of the country in Australia, i.e., the person who is involved in either civil services or any government services. The person can be treated as Australian residents if he is working overseas for his post. The person has to declare all the details of his income whether earned in the country or overseas. In the given case, Midoona does not satisfy any of the above-mentioned condition. To pass the domicile test she has a permanent place outside Australia but she does not own any place of residence in Australia. She leases an apartment in Alatai and pays the rent on weekly basis, so that she can save money when she was touring to England for her recording sessions. So, no intention of her can be seen regarding permanent residency. Hence, she is non-resident for the financial year 2015/16. Based on the criteria of 183 days: She arrives in the country on 2 July 2015, and left the country on 15 September 2015 [30+31+15=76 days]. She returned to Australia again on 1 April 2016 and stays in the country for some time. Therefore, the calculated days during this period are [30+31+30=91]. Total calculated days=76+91=167 days. She does not satisfy the second test also. Hence, non-resident for the financial year 2015/16. The Superannuation test of residency is not applicable on her because she is not involved in the governmental services of the country. She works as a karaoke singer in the hotel. To conclude Midoona fails to satisfy all the three conditions of the residency test, hence, the income, which she earns in the country, is not taxable in Australia. Calculation of Midoonas tax liability in the 2015/2016 income year: According to Australian Law total income of an individual can be calculated based on three sources of his income, which includes income from business, income from salary and wages and income from capital gains. It is the main source of income for the federal government because it accounts for more than 67%of the income tax of the country whereas the other tier of government collects 55% from the total source of the revenue. The slab rate of tax for an individual is about 45% whereas for the corporate sector it is @ 30%. The Australian Taxation Office collects the tax. The financial year starts from 1st July and ends on 30th June every year. The tax is calculated on the income of an individual by subtracting the allowable deductions under specified sections of the act. After making necessary changes to the gross income of an individual his net income or the assessable income can be ascertained. The slab rate of tax for a resident in the country is as follows: Taxable income Till $18,200 From $18,201-$37,000 From $37,001-$80,000 From $80,001-$180,000 From more than $180,001 Tax on income Nil 19c for each dollar earned above $18,200 $3,572+32.5c for each dollar above $37,000 $17,547+37c for each dollar above $80,000 $54,547+45c for each dollar above $180,000 Tax rate 0% 0%-9.7% 9.7%-21.9% 21.9%-30.3% 30.3%-44.9 %( less than 45%) On the other hand the slab rate of tax for the income earned by a non-resident individual in the country are as follows: Taxable income Up to $80,000 From $80,001-$180,000 Above $180,001 Tax on income @of 32.5c for each dollar $26,000+37c for each dollar above $80,000 $63,000+45c for each dollar above $180,000 In the given problem, Midoona visited the country on 2nd July 2015 to commence her tour known as like a popstar in the country with her 3 children. The tour was very successful and she earns $450,000 from this tour. Her operating expenses for this tour are $ 380,000. She earns $15,000 as appearance fees for the show The Affairs of Today. On 15 August 2015, she completed her final tour in Adelaide and went for a trip to Australian outback. At Darwin, she enters into a trivia competition at Imperial Hotel. She earns $500 as cash and $500 as weekend package to Alatai. She left the country and returned to England on 15 September from Darwin. She visited Darwin again on 1 April 2016. There she won cash prize of $200 by participating in a competition at Grand Hotel. She earns $45,000 as karaoke host in Darwin. She receives $2,500 as tips from her customers. She deposits this amount to her children account as their pocket money. She spends $1,000 for two dresses, which is essential for her job. She spends $450(150*3) to purchase stilettos for her job. She spends $200 for subscription in the magazine Karaoke Queen so that she can improve her Karaoke skills. She also spends $500 for subscription to the Karaoke Australia Organization. Calculation of taxable income of Midoona for the year 2015/16 Particulars Income from tour in Australia in the year 2015 Operating expenses Appearance fees Amount received in cash from trivia competition Amount received in kind from trivia competition Amount received in cash from Grand Hotel Amount received by giving service as karaoke host Amount received as tips from customer Amount spend on costumes Amount spends on shoes used for working purpose Amount spends on the subscription of the magazine Amount spends on the subscription of Karaoke organization Amount $450,000 $380,000 $15,000 $500 $500 $200 $45,000 $2,500 $1,000 $450 $200 $500 Reason Foreign resident To be deducted from total income To be included in total income Exempt under sec. ITAA97 Exempt under sec.ITAA97 Exempt under sec.ITAA97 Taxable Taxable Deducted from income Deducted from income Deducted from income Deducted from income Taxable 450000 380000 15000 Nil Nil Nil 45000 2500 1000 450 200 500 Taxable income=$70,630 [Note: for calculation see the appendix below] Discussion for the justification for the inclusion/exclusion of each item in the tax payable calculation above: According to Australian Law there are certain implications which a person has to follow for the purpose of taxation which are as below: If a person does not have a permanent home outside Australia, than, the person is to be treated as Australian resident for taxation purpose. If a person, visits Australia for more than a period of six months and he lives at same place for that period than the person is to be treated as Australian resident. But in this case Midoona has a permanent home in UK, moreover, her period of stay was less than 180 days during the year. On the other hand there are certain other criteria based on which a person can be treated as foreign resident for taxation purpose: If a person visits Australia for more than a period of six months and he keeps on travelling during that period than in this case he is treated as a foreign resident for taxation purpose. If a person visits the country for holiday purpose or for a period which is less than a period of six months than he is to be treated as a foreign resident for taxation purpose. In case, if you are a foreign resident than the income which you earned in Australia should not be declared as a foreign income for taxation purpose. In some cases, it depends on the taxation treaty of the other country. It means if the country has some set up with Australian taxation law than the person is liable for tax in both the countries. For example, if a person earns some income in the UK and he is the permanent resident of Australia. If UK has, any set up with Australia than the person can pay the tax either in his own country or in UK. In the given problem, no further information regarding the taxation treaty is seen so it is assumed that there is no taxation treaty among the country. Therefore, whatever she earns in the country will be treated as foreign income and are chargeable to the taxation purpose in UK only. In certain, similar cases like Martin v FCT (1954) 90 CLR 470; Evans v FCT (1989) 20 ATR 922; 89 ATC 4540; Babka v FCT (1989) 20 ATR 1251; Brajkovich v FCT (1989) 20 ATR 1570. The High Court decision in FCT v Stone 2005 ATC 4234; [2005] HCA 21 the court opined that there is a difference in between the income earned as a profession and income earned from hobby. In the given case Midoona earned her income as a profession instead of hobby. Hence chargeable for taxation purpose. References: Ato.gov.au. (2016).Home page | Australian Taxation Office. [online] Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/ [Accessed 7 Sep. 2016]. Aziz, O., Gemmell, N., Laws, A. (2013). The distribution of income and fiscal incidence by age and gender: some evidence from New Zealand.Victoria University of Wellington Working Paper in Public Finance, (10). Aziz, O., Gemmell, N., Laws, A. (2015). Income and Fiscal Incidence by Age and Gender: Some Evidence from New Zealand.Review of Income and Wealth. Burnett, C., Taylor, C. J., Wong, J. (2015). Qualification of Taxable Entities and Treaty Protection: National Report for Australia.CAHIERS DE DROIT FISCAL INTERNATIONAL: STUDIES ON INTERNATIONAL FISCAL LAW,99. Burton, M. A. (2013). The interpretation of tax legislation in Great Britain and Australia-a study of the indeterminacy of law. Butler, D. (2016). Superannuation: Changing SMSF trustees-tips and traps.Taxation in Australia,50(10), 620. Correaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Velez, I., Barnett, A. G., Gifford, S. (2015). Working for a better life: Longitudinal evidence on the predictors of employment among recently arrived refugee migrant men living in Australia.International Migration,53(2), 321-337. Grubert, H., Altshuler, R. (2016). Shifting the Burden of Taxation from the Corporate to the Personal Level and Getting the Corporate Tax Rate Down to 15 Percent.National Tax Journal,69(3). Hathaway, N. (2013). Imputation Credit Redemption ATO data 1988-2011.Where have all the credits gone. Higgins, C. (2016). Status Determination of Indochinese Boat Arrivals: A Balancing Actin Australia.Journal of Refugee Studies, fev036. Koslowski, R. (2014). Selective migration policy models and changing realities of implementation.International Migration,52(3), 26-39. Lang, M. (2014).Introduction to the law of double taxation conventions. Linde Verlag GmbH. Long, B., Campbell, J., Kelshaw, C. (2016). The justice lens on taxation policy in Australia.St Mark's Review, (235), 94. Phillips, J. (2013).Asylum seekers and refugees: what are the facts?. Canberra: Department of Parliamentary Services, Parliament of Australia. Richardson, G., Taylor, G., Wright, C. (2014). Corporate Profiling of Tax-Malfeasance: A Theoretical and Empirical.Citation: Richardson, G. and Taylor, G. and Wright, C, 359-382. Woodward, A., Taylor, M. (2015). Mergers and acquisitions: How clear is your exit?.Taxation in Australia,49(10), 635.

Reasons behind Youths Engagement to Drug Abuse in the 21st Century

Question at Issue What are the reasons behind youths’ engagement in drug abuse in the 21st century?Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Reasons behind Youth’s Engagement to Drug Abuse in the 21st Century specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Enthymeme Although youths in the 21st century engage in drug abuse due to several factors, it suffices to declare factors such as the rising unemployment status, peer pressure, and their hiked tendency to copy their parents’ behaviors as the principal drivers of drug abuse. However, one would wish to know why. Unemployment and Drug Abuse among Youths in the 21st Century Eighner’s words of people being satisfied with what they have and or letting go of what their financial ability cannot afford do not seem to apply in the life of youths in the 21st century. Youth joblessness has become a key issue in the 21st century. It has continued to have serious effects on development potential of young people. The increased rate of unemployment among young people encourages them to use drugs to change the way they feel or they way they perceive their incapacitated situation rather than accepting the situation and or using the right means of overcoming it. They have to carry on with offensive acts and prostitution to sustain themselves. Drug abuse has physical, mental, and social effects. Physical injury also results from accidents that youths encounter while they are drunk. Joblessness and poverty also make the youths resort to self-treatment following the evident absence of funds for appropriate therapeutic treatment. Morrel et al. confirm the existence of a â€Å"link between unemployment and increased drug, tobacco, and alcohol use† (237). Unemployment leads to stress, which makes youths use drugs hoping to feel better. However, on the contrary, they end up being drug addicts. Unemployment makes youths become vulnerable to drug abuse be cause they have a lot of free and idle time on their hands, which gives them the chances to involve themselves in socially deviant behaviors with drug abuse being one of those behaviors. Lack of employment is among the factors that influence their feeding habits and hence their health. In fact, Eighner has come in handy to address the issue of healthy eating habits that even the jobless youth should use (6). However, he also points out financial issues that arise because of lack of jobs that determine what people or rather youth will choose to consume (drugs) based on their little or no cash at all (7).Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Many youths who have no employment end up abusing drugs because they need to survive and or keep on pressing in this life. When youths are growing from being children to adults, they have a lot of hopes and aspirations, which fade off as time goes by as they involve in drug abuse as a way of forgetting their unemployment status. Moreover, congruent with Eighner’s words, a decent job can help add to habitable earnings, civilized shelter, and high-quality social sustenance, which can help promote health and wellbeing of the youths, help them recover from mental health problems, and avoid substance abuse-related harms (6). However, youths still abuse drugs despite some having good employment. In fact, Wells and Stacy say, â€Å"Finding meaningful employment will not solve all problems, but it’s a very important part of the bigger picture for many people† (164). Congruent with Curry’s Why We Work, it is possible for youths to experience stress to the extent of demanding ‘time offs’ (23) in their jobs. As a result, majority will use this opportunity to use stimulants as a way of relieving themselves from stress. Stimulants will make a youth forget his or her situation. On the other hand, depressa nts like prescription of sleeping pills can give the youth a good and extended night’s sleep, which is especially common to unemployed young people for they want to remain sleepy so that they do not think much of their situation. They prefer taking depressants to escape their problems. As they repeatedly take the pills, they end up being drug addicts. Research done by Florida found out, â€Å"states with higher unemployment rates do tend to have higher rates of drug use† (Wells and Stacy 163). Peer Pressure and Drug Abuse among Youths Peer pressure is among the strongest predictors of drug use during adolescence. Peers initiate youths into drugs, provide drugs, model drug- using behaviors, and shape attitude about drugs. Currently, youths are adopting a common lifestyle. Most adolescents are drained by this lifestyle not because they lack something essential in their lives like a job or because they have a genuine reason as to why they have adopted to that very lifesty le but because they want to fit into their peer group for acceptance. Peer pressure leads to the abuse of drugs by teenagers. Teens engage in drugs in order to rhyme with their peers. The extensive and continuous use of these drugs lands them to drug addiction. A drastic rise in drug abuse among teens in the 21st century has been noted following their parting with their parents to join their peers at school. On the contrary, Cisneros’ The Storyteller is an article that features the life of a young tutor who has been far from her parents for a while. Although Cisneros has peers in her workplace, she is an epitome of young people who choose to go against the norms to do what is right no matter the pressure (Cisneros 153) of experimenting things along with her peers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Reasons behind Youth’s Engagement to Drug Abuse in the 21st Century specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Acc ording to Morrel et al., â€Å"teenagers seem to have more problems with peer pressure because they are just beginning to learn about whom they are and what their belief systems are† (240). Peer pressure stands out as among the principal causes that can drive the present-day knowledgeable youths towards drugs dependence. When educated youths are through with their studies, they start hunting jobs. Sometimes, the jobless time can extend due to rapid changes in the job market thus leading them to start experiencing headaches, depressions, and confusion. At this stage, the peers who seem to be helping them to overcome the situation lead the educated youths into the act of abusing drugs. By the time they realize they are abusing drugs, they already have reached the addiction stage. Peer pressure qualifies as one of the central roots of drug abuse among youths because many teenagers try drugs because they were given by their friends. Unfortunately, what people believe their peers want them to do is often the cause of what they actually do. Family Lifestyle and Drug Abuse among Youths The way family functions can have a strong impact on a teenager. Teenagers coming from families where there is minute parental management and attention have high chances of misusing drugs in relation to teens from homes with more parental participation. Teens who spent the better part of the day without their parents have high chances of participating in hazardous behaviors. Tough folk relations can help prevent drug abuse. Coming from a home that stresses on using of harmful substances has a tendency to make a young person perceive it as up to standard. Detrimental family pressure may be an aspect in a teen’s early drug testing. In fact, â€Å"Exposure to family members who reach for a substance to cure every pain of ailment can cause a teen to do the same† (239). Young people acquire many of their principles from parents and other mature influences. They often mi mic what they see. In addition, adolescents who have the perception that they are not close to or treasured by their parents are at a larger hazard because they have low self-esteem, which leads to depression and hence drug addiction. A teen may also engage in a drug abuse act when he or she comes from a family with poor familial factors like poor communication strategies between youths and their parents. Conclusion In conclusion, youths lie within a delicate age set, which is prone to many dangers especially drug abuse. The paper has discussed drug abuse as the main challenge facing youths in the 21st century. It has clearly described how youths engage in drug abusing activities. Three reasons behind this engagement have been addressed.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Unemployment is one of the issues discussed in this paper whereby many unemployed persons engage in abusing drugs as a way of getting consolation. Peer pressure also plays a big role in the act of drug abuse among the youths. Lastly, family lifestyle has a major influence on teens and their likelihood of abusing drugs. Works Cited Curry, Andrew. Why We Work. London: Routledge, 2010. Print. Cisneros, Sandra. â€Å"The Storyteller.† The Oprah Magazine 10.3(2009): 153. Print. Eighner, Lars. â€Å"On Dumpster Diving.† The Threepenny Review 1.47(1991): 6-8. Print. Morrel, Stanley, Jack Taylor, and Kerr Bill. â€Å"Jobless. Unemployment and Young People’s Health.† Medical Journal of Australia 168.5(1998): 236-40. Print. Wells, Brian, and Barrie Stacy. â€Å"A Further Comparison of Cannabis (marijuana) Users and Non users.† British Journal of Addiction to Alcohol and Other Drugs  71.2(1976): 161-165. Print. This essay on Reasons behind Youth’s Engagement to Drug Abuse in the 21st Century was written and submitted by user Leandro Estes to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Peppered Moth Lab Report Essay Example

Peppered Moth Lab Report Essay Example Peppered Moth Lab Report Paper Peppered Moth Lab Report Paper Explain how natural selection relates to survival of the fittest concept Natural Selection is when organisms with better adaptations live longer and reproduce in greater numbers and the concept of survival of the fittest is the idea that production is the most important thing and the ultimate goal is to survive long enough to reproduce and pass on your genes because this means that your genes will stay in the same population. These two concepts relate because of their common idea of reproduction and the passing on of genes that better help the species to stay alive in their environment. . What determines whether a particular variation is an adaptation or not? A particular variation can be determined as an adaptation if you see the species with a certain variation better surviving than those without the specific variation. If this is seen then it can be determined that the variation is an adaptation because it helped the species survive better in their environment. 3. What changes are evident in the graphs from Pre-longitudinal Revolution (Part I) and Post-Industrial Revolution (Part Ill)? Use examples from your data (graphs and/or tables). Evident changes that occurred between the Pre-longitudinal Revolution and Post-Industrial Revolution were the number of Black Moths remaining at the end of the five trials went up in Part Ill compared to Part l. For example, in Part I at the end of the fifth trial there were nine black moths engaging and twenty-one white moths remaining but at the end of the fifth trial in Part Ill the numbers were reversed and there were twenty-one Black Moths remaining and only nine White Moths remaining. This shows how the Black Moths increased and the awaited Moths decreased. 4. What is the driving force that caused the number of white and black Peppered Moth in the Manchester, England population to change? The driving force that caused the number of white and black Peppered Moth population to change was the Industrial Revolution during the late sasss when smoke particles produced y developing industry began to blacken the trunks of the trees on which the moths rested. This made the black moths blend in better with the trees so they were better protected from predators than the white moths who were more visible on the dark trees. As a result there was a change in the population and the black moth population increased and white moth population decreased. 5. Which moth had a higher fitness during the Industrial Revolution? Define fitness in your answer The black moth had higher fitness during the Industrial Revolution because it was able to survive long enough to reproduce and pass on TTS genes. Therefore the black moths genes will stay in the population. Overall, it was more fit than the white moth because it reproduced more and survived better than the white moth. 6. What is the independent (manipulated) variable in this activity (Parts l, II, and Ill)? (hint: this variable is graphed on the x-axis) The independent variable is the number of trials performed. 7. What is the dependent (responding) variable in this activity (Parts l, II, and Ill)? (hint: this variable is graphed on the y-axis). The dependent variable is the number of moths remaining after each trial. Extra-credit Question: . What aspect of natural selection (evolution) does the following step in the activity represent: At the end of each trial, replace each black moth removed with a white moth. Replace each white moth removed with a black moth. Explain your answer. Speciation is the aspect of evolution that best represents the white and black moths being replaced by each other. This activity shows how favorable adoptions gradually accumulate in the population and overtime the adaptation overtakes the entire population and a new species is eventually forms. This activity represents the process of speciation.

Factors that Lead to Hyperinflations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Factors that Lead to Hyperinflations - Essay Example To provide an empirical verification of hyperinflation phenomenon, a more focused study on the ravaging hyperinflation and its impacts on Zimbabwe are attempted in section 4. Some of the course correction that a country such as Zimbabwe requires to embark on to arrest its hyperinflation is presented in section 5, before section 6 concludes this essay. A number of economists have attempted to define inflation, in their own terminology. For professor Crowther, inflation is marked by declining value of money, and conversely the rising level of prices (197). Pigou observed that inflation occurs when money income expands more than proportionately to income earning activity (439). In general, inflation is associated with a state of abnormal increase in the quantity of money. Inflation is linked to the issue of too much currency in the economy (Hawtrey 60). For Coulborn, inflation is a monetary phenomenon where "too much money chases too few goods" (356). According to Keynes, inflation is caused by an excess of effective demand over supply (296). For Friedman, inflation is a process of steady and sustained increase in prices. Inflation, thus, is a monetary phenomenon characterized by high prices, and conversely falling values of money (17). Hyperinflation is a typical case of an extremely rapid growth in the general level of prices, las ting for a number of years. Although a rise in the general prices of more than 50 per cent is treated as hyperinflation, there is no well-defined threshold. All these definitions point to one basic point: When the quantity of money in circulation exceeds the total amount of goods and services in the economy, it results in extraordinary increase in prices which we define as hyperinflation. It may be noted that hyperinflation is also called a "runaway" or "galloping" inflation, where the quantum of money increases to an extent that its value declines to an incomprehensible level. Historically, hyperinflation has occurred in China, Greece, Taiwan, Austria, Germany, Hungary, Poland and Russia. In recent years, countries such as Chile, Argentina and Bolivia experienced hyperinflation. At present, hyperinflation in Zimbabwe is a great cause of concern for the economists as it continues to threaten the livelihood of its people. 3. Causes of Hyperinflation: 1According to Prof. Fisher, other things remaining constant, as the quantity of money in circulation increases, the price level also increases in the same proportion and the value of money decreases, correspondingly (45). 1In its rigid form, the quantity theory of money defends a strict proportionality between changes in the stock of money and the general level of prices. If M = stock of money in circulation, V = velocity, P = general price level, the theory states that the level of P depends on MV. Since V is assumed to be constant in the short-run, P and M are proportional to each other. Thus, if P represents the general price level, then 1/P captures the purchasing power of money. The implication is that when the stock of money increases, the value of money decreases, which reflects proportionately on the increase in general level of

Financial Accounting Reports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Financial Accounting Reports - Essay Example The Financial Accounting Standards Board says financial reporting to be financial statements as well as other ways to communicate financial information related to the enterprise to the outside users. Financial reporting, compared to the financial accounting, is quite broader concept that encompasses the financial statements, the notes that are given below those statements and the disclosures. Financial statements are useful in providing important information to make decisions about the credit decisions and investments and also to assess the cash flow prospects. Information about the resources of the enterprise, its claim to these resources obtained and the changes that these resources undergo is also provided by the financial statements. Information provided by financial reporting is used by management and others who make economic decisions. Financial reporting primarily focuses on information about the earnings and the components it has. (International Financial Reporting Standards, 2013) Investors: these people make investments in the entity. They are interested about the security of their investments and potential profits in the entity. People interested in making investment in an entity make use of the financial statements, especially the income statement, with the help of which they can estimate the future incomes and performance of the entity they are interested to invest in. The solvency of the company and the financial strength will reveal whether their investments will be secured or not. Investors like unit trusts and pension funds are the most sophisticated and the largest group of investors. Lenders: they need the information about the entity’s financial strength and performance to know whether the entity will be able to pay them in future. This depends on how are the solvency conditions of the entity. They are shown by the balance sheet/statement of financial position. The entities may

Project Management - Module 1.6 not 1.4 Coursework

Project Management - Module 1.6 not 1.4 - Coursework Example Subsequently designer is expected to insure that all sub-consultant work is coordinated. Pertinently conceptual design approves further details that may emerge. This document should clearly outline the prearranged civil, architectural, structural, mechanical, electrical, fire protection design and plumbing. It is vital to include up-dated cost approximation of all key features and component of design. Upon the approval of the design by the owner, the design team immediately starts the execution of this final contraction design particulars (Norman, E. et al 2008).The authenticated design development package entails a completer concept therefore no further alteration to the plans, elevations, or building systems will be permissible except when it comply with construction or code supplies. 1) Guideline and objective establishment- the first project stage is to outline the scope which sets up the expectations, estimated cost, constituted high level plans, and finally established timelines for each activity to be executed. 2) The concepts which involve mapping, user training, and walkthrough phase where the new system is learned, business process is revised to ensure that they carry out flawlessly corner to corner in meeting the organization’s objective. 5) Customization (infrastructure phase); it is the stage where the data from the old system is transferred into a newly developed supplementary system. The appropriate information technology infrastructure is constructed. 6) Cover phase is the final phase in that the old system is closed down and new system kicks off fully with a constant improvement in the method of undertaking business. However, the methodology used does not contend to limit the choice of the software to be used for word processing, spreadsheets, etc. The pertinent issue is faithfulness to the methodology in organization for the team to produce

Precision Agriculture: Advantages and Disadvantages

Precision Agriculture: Advantages and Disadvantages Precision agriculture Precision farming or precision agriculture is an agricultural concept relying on the existence of in-field variability. It requires the use of new technologies, such as global positioning (GPS), sensors, satellites or aerial images, and information management tools (GIS) to assess and understand variations. Collected information may be used to more precisely evaluate optimum sowing density, estimate fertilizers and other inputs needs, and to more accurately predict crop yields. It seeks to avoid applying inflexible practices to a crop, regardless of local soil/climate conditions, and may help to better assess local situations of disease or lodging. Satellites allow farmers to easily survey their land.[2] Global Positioning Systems (GPS) monitor can find the location of a field to within one meter. It can then present a series of GIS maps that demonstrate which fields are moist or dry, and where there is erosion of soil and other soil factors that stunt crop growth. The data can be used by the farmer to automatically regulate the machine application of fertilizer and pesticide[2]. In the American Midwest (US) it is associated not with sustainable agriculture but with mainstream farmers who are trying to maximize profits by spending money only in areas that need fertilizer. This practice allows the farmer to vary the rate of fertilizer across the field according to the need identified by GPS guided Grid Sampling. Fertilizer that would have been spread in areas that dont need it can be placed in areas that do, thereby optimizing its use. Precision farming may be used to improve a field or a farm management from several perspectives: agronomical perspective: adjustment of cultural practices to take into account the real needs of the crop (e.g., better fertilization management) technical perspective: better time management at the farm level (e.g. planning of agricultural activity) environmental perspective: reduction of agricultural impacts (better estimation of crop nitrogen needs implying limitation of nitrogen run-off) economical perspective: increase of the output and/or reduction of the input, increase of efficiency (e.g., lower cost of nitrogen fertilization practice) Other benefits for the farmer geostatistics integrated farming Integrated Pest Management nutrient budgeting nutrient management precision viticulture Agriculture Landsat program Geostatistics is a branch of statistics focusing on spatiotemporal datasets. Developed originally to predict probable distributions for mining operations, it is currently applied in diverse disciplines including petroleum geology, hydrogeology, hydrology, meteorology, oceanography, geochemistry, geometallurgy, geography, forestry, environmental control, landscape ecology, soil science, and agriculture (esp. in precision farming). Geostatistics is applied in varied branches of geography, particularly those involving the spread of disease (epidemiology), the practice of commerce and military planning (logistics), and the development of efficient spatial networks. Geostatistics are incorporated in tools such as geographic information systems (GIS) and digital elevation models. History This section requires expansion with: details. Background When any phenomena is measured, the observation methodology will dictate the accuracy of subsequent analysis; in geography, this issue is complicated by unique variables and spatial patterns such as geospatial topology. An interesting feature in geostatistics is that every location displays some form of spatial pattern, whether in the form of the environment, climate, pollution, urbanization or human health. This is not to state that all variables are spatially dependent, simply that variables are incapable of measurement separate from their surroundings, such that there can be no perfect control population. Whether the study is concerned with the nature of traffic patterns in an urban core, or with the analysis of weather patterns over the Pacific, there are always variables which escape measurement; this is determined directly by the scale and distribution of the data collection, or survey, and its methodology. Limitations in data collection make it impossible to make a direct meas ure of continuous spatial data without inferring probabilities, some of these probability functions are applied to create an interpolation surface predicting unmeasured variables at innumerable locations. Geostatistical terms Regionalized variable theory Covariance function Semi-variance Variogram Kriging Range (geostatistics) Sill (geostatistics) Nugget effect Criticism A major contributor to this section (or its creator) appears to have a conflict of interest with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedias content policies, particularly neutral point of view. Please discuss further on the talk page. ({{{November 2009}}}) Jan W Merks, a mineral sampling expert consultant from Canada, has strongly criticized[1] geostatistics since 1992. Referring to it as voodoo science[2] and scientific fraud, he claims that geostatistics is an invalid branch of statistics. Merks submits[2] that geostatistics ignores the variance of Agterbergs distance-weighted average point grade, ignores the concept of degrees of freedom of a data set when testing for spatial dependence by applying Fishers F-test to the variance of a set and the first variance term of the ordered set, abuses statistics by not using analysis of variance properly, replaced genuine variances of single distance-weighted average point grades with pseudo-variances of sets of distance-weighted average point grades, violating the one-to-one correspondence between variances and functions such as Agterbergs distance-weighted average point grade. Furthermore, Merks claims geostatistics inflates mineral reserve and resources such as in the case of Bre-Xs fraud. Merkss expertise and credibility are supported by several company executives, who regularly hire his consulting services[3]. Philip and Watson have also criticized geostatistics in the past [4]. There is a consensus that inappropriate use of geostatistics makes the method susceptible to erroneous reading of results[3][5]. Related software gslib is a set of fortran 77 routines (open source) implementing most of the classical geostatistics estimation and simulation algorithms sgems is a cross-platform (windows, unix), open-source software that implements most of the classical geostatistics algorithms (kriging, Gaussian and indicator simulation, etc) as well as new developments (multiple-points geostatistics). It also provides an interactive 3D visualization and offers the scripting capabilities of python. gstat is an open source computer code for multivariable geostatistical modelling, prediction and simulation. The gstat functionality is also available as an S extension, either as R package or S-Plus library. besides gstat, R has at least six other packages dedicated to geostatistics and other areas in spatial statistics. Notes 1. ^ A website that criticizes Matheronian geostatistics ^ a b See (Merks 1992) 3. ^ a b Sandra Rubin, Whistleblower raises doubts over ore bodies, Financial Post, September 30, 2002. ^ See (Philip and Watson 1986). 5. ^ Statistics for Spatial Data, Revised Edition, Noel A. C. Cressie, ISBN 978-0-471-00255-0. References 1. Armstrong, M and Champigny, N, 1988, A Study on Kriging Small Blocks, CIM Bulletin, Vol 82, No 923  Armstrong, M, 1992, Freedom of Speech? De Geeostatisticis, July, No 14 3. Champigny, N, 1992, Geostatistics: A tool that works, The Northern Miner, May 18 4. Clark I, 1979, Practical Geostatistics, Applied Science Publishers, London 5. David, M, 1977, Geostatistical Ore Reserve Estimation, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam 6. Hald, A, 1952, Statistical Theory with Engineering Applications, John Wiley Sons, New York 7. Chilà ¨s, J.P., Delfiner, P. 1999. Geostatistics: modelling spatial uncertainty, Wiley Series in Probability and Mathematical Statistics, 695 pp. 8. Deutsch, C.V., Journel, A.G, 1997. GSLIB: Geostatistical Software Library and Users Guide (Applied Geostatistics Series), Second Edition, Oxford University Press, 369 pp., http://www.gslib.com/ 9. Deutsch, C.V., 2002. Geostatistical Reservoir Modeling, Oxford University Press, 384 pp., http://www.statios.com/WinGslib/index.html 10. Isaaks, E.H., Srivastava R.M.: Applied Geostatistics. 1989. 11. ISO/DIS 11648-1 Statistical aspects of sampling from bulk materials-Part1: General principles 12. Journel, A G and Huijbregts, 1978, Mining Geostatistics, Academic Press 13:.Kitanidis, P.K.: Introduction to Geostatistics: Applications in Hydrogeology, Cambridge University Press. 1997. 14. Lantuà ©joul, C. 2002. Geostatistical simulation: models and algorithms. Springer, 256 pp. 15. Lipschutz, S, 1968, Theory and Problems of Probability, McCraw-Hill Book Company, New York. 16. Matheron, G. 1962. Traità © de gà ©ostatistique appliquà ©e. Tome 1, Editions Technip, Paris, 334 pp. 17. Matheron, G. 1989. Estimating and choosing, Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 18. McGrew, J. Chapman, Monroe, Charles B., 2000. An introduction to statistical problem solving in geography, second edition, McGraw-Hill, New York. 19. Merks, J W, 1992, Geostatistics or voodoo science, The Northern Miner, May 18 20. Merks, J W, Abuse of statistics, CIM Bulletin, January 1993, Vol 86, No 966 21. Myers, Donald E.; What Is Geostatistics? 22. Philip, G M and Watson, D F, 1986, Matheronian Geostatistics; Quo Vadis?, Mathematical Geology, Vol 18, No 1 23. Sharov, A: Quantitative Population Ecology, 1996, http://www.ento.vt.edu/~sharov/PopEcol/popecol.html 24. Shine, J.A., Wakefield, G.I.: A comparison of supervised imagery classification using analyst-chosen and geostatistically-chosen training sets, 1999, http://www.geovista.psu.edu/sites/geocomp99/Gc99/044/gc_044.htm 25. Strahler, A. H., and Strahler A., 2006, Introducing Physical Geography, 4th Ed., Wiley. 26. Volk, W, 1980, Applied Statistics for Engineers, Krieger Publishing Company, Huntington, New York. 27. Wackernagel, H. 2003. Multivariate geostatistics, Third edition, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 387 pp. 28. Yang, X. S., 2009, Introductory Mathematics for Earth Scientists, Dunedin Academic Press, 240pp. 29. Youden, W J, 1951, Statistical Methods for Chemists: John Wiley Sons, New York. External links Kriging link, contains explanations of variance in geostats Arizona university geostats page A resource on the internet about geostatistics and spatial statistics On-Line Library that chronicles Matherons journey from classical statistics to the new science of geostatistics Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostatistics Categories: Geostatistics Hidden categories: Statistics articles needing expert attention | Articles needing expert attention from August 2009 | All articles needing expert attention | Articles lacking in-text citations from January 2009 | All articles lacking in-text citations | Articles to be expanded from January 2010 | All articles to be expanded | Wikipedia expand-section box with explanation text | Articles to be expanded from August 2008 | Wikipedia articles with sections containing possible conflicts of interest Integrated farming (or integrated agriculture) is a commonly and broadly used word to explain a more integrated approach to farming as compared to existing monoculture approaches. It refers to agricultural systems that integrate livestock and crop production and may sometimes be known as Integrated Biosystems. While not often considered as part of the permaculture movement Integrated Farming is a similar whole systems approach to agriculture[1]. There have been efforts to link the two together such as at the 2007 International Permaculture Conference in Brazil[2]. Agro-ecology (which was developed at University of California Santa Cruz) and Bio-dynamic farming also describe similar integrated approaches. Examples include: pig tractor systems where the animals are confined in crop fields well prior to planting and plow the field by digging for roots poultry used in orchards or vineyards after harvest to clear rotten fruit and weeds while fertilizing the soil cattle or other livestock allowed to graze cover crops between crops on farms that contain both cropland and pasture (or where transhumance is employed) Water based agricultural systems that provide way for effective and efficient recycling of farm nutrients producing fuel, fertilizer and a compost tea/mineralized irrigation water in the process. In 1993 FARRE (Forum de lAgriculture Raisonnà ©e Respecteuse lEnvironnement) developed agricultural techniques France as part of an attempt to reconcile agricultural methods with the principles of sustainable development. FARRE, promotes an integrated and/or multi-sector approach to food production that includes profitability, safety, animal welfare, social responsibility and environmental care. Zero Emissions Research and Initiatives (formed in 1994 by the eco-entrepreneur [1]) developed a similar approach to FARRE seeking to promote agricultural and industrial production models that sought to incorporate natures wisdom into the process. ZERI helped support an effort by an environmental engineer from Mauritius named George Chan. Chan working with a network of poly-culture farming pioneers began refining Integrated Farming practices that had already been developed in south-east Asia in the 60,70s and 80s, building on the ancient Night soil farming practice. In China, programs embracing this form of integrated farming have been successful in demonstrating how an intensive growing systems can use organic and sustainable farming practices, while providing a high agriculture yield. Taking what he learned from the Chinese during his time there, Chan worked at the UN University in the 1990s and forwarded an approach to Integrated Farming which was termed Integrated Biomass Systems working specifically under the UNU/ZERI ZERI Bag Program. Chan during his work with UNU sought to make the case that Integrated Biomass Systems were well suited to help small island nations and low lying tropical regions become more self-reliant and prosperous in the production of food[3]. Working with ZERI, he developed several prototypes for this approach around the world including sites in Namibia and Fiji. The scientifically verified results in a UNDP sponsored congress in 1997 resulted in the adoption of the IBS by the State Government of Paranà ¡, Brazil where dozens of piggeries have applied the system generating food, energy while improving health and environmental conditions. Montfort Boys Town in Fiji was one of the first Integrated Biomass Systems developed outside of Southeast Asia with the support of UNU, UNDP and other international agencies. The project which is still operational continues to be a model of how farm operations can provide multiple benefits to stakeholders both local and international. ZERI Bag had a significant African component that included assisting Father Godfrey Nzamujo in the development of the Songhai Farm Integrated Farming project in Benin[4] . Most recently The Heifer Foundation a major international NGO based in the USA has taken a lead role in deploying Integrated Farming so that it can be replicated globally as an effective approach to sustainable farming in non-affluent regions such as Vietnam[5]. References 1. ^ Steve Divers work linking Integrated Farming with Permaculture: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/perma.html 2. ^ Report includes reference to presentation on Integrated Farming by permaculture and ZERI practitioner Eric Fedus and Alexandre Takamatsu 3. ^ Small Islands and ZERI: A unique case for the Application of ZERI: A Paper presented by George Chan of the United Nations University at an International Symposium on Small Islands and Sustainable Development organized by the United Nations University and the National Land Agency of Japan: http://www.gdrc.org/oceans/chan.html 4. ^ ZERI Bag was designed to focus on small scale deployment of appropriate technologies with a focus on the Integrated Biomass System approach developed by ZERI and George Chan http://www.zeri.unam.na/africa.htm 5. ^ http://www.heifer.org/site/c.edJRKQNiFiG/b.2877337/ External links FARRE homepage Integrated farming of fish, crop and livestock Design an construction of an intergated fish farm Integrated Farming System by George Chan wiki on integrated farming Songhai Centre in Benin IPM: In agriculture, integrated pest management (IPM) is a pest control strategy that uses a variety of complementary strategies including: mechanical devices, physical devices, genetic, biological, cultural management, and chemical management. These methods are done in three stages: prevention, observation, and intervention. It is an ecological approach with a main goal of significantly reducing or eliminating the use of pesticides while at the same time managing pest populations at an acceptable level.[1] For their leadership in developing and spreading IPM worldwide, Dr. Perry Adkisson and Dr. Ray F. Smith received the 1997 World Food Prize. History of IPM Shortly after World War II, when synthetic insecticides became widely available, entomologists in California developed the concept of supervised insect control. Around the same time, entomologists in cotton-belt states such as Arkansas were advocating a similar approach. Under this scheme, insect control was supervised by qualified entomologists, and insecticide applications were based on conclusions reached from periodic monitoring of pest and natural-enemy populations. This was viewed as an alternative to calendar-based insecticide programs. Supervised control was based on a sound knowledge of the ecology and analysis of projected trends in pest and natural-enemy populations. Supervised control formed much of the conceptual basis for the integrated control that University of California entomologists articulated in the 1950s. Integrated control sought to identify the best mix of chemical and biological controls for a given insect pest. Chemical insecticides were to be used in manner least disruptive to biological control. The term integrated was thus synonymous with compatible. Chemical controls were to be applied only after regular monitoring indicated that a pest population had reached a level (the economic threshold) that required treatment to prevent the population from reaching a level (the economic injury level) at which economic losses would exceed the cost of the artificial control measures. IPM extended the concept of integrated control to all classes of pests and was expanded to include tactics other than just chemical and biological controls. Artificial controls such as pesticides were to be applied as in integrated control, but these now had to be compatible with control tactics for all classes of pests. Other tactics, such as host-plant resistance and cultural manipulations, became part of the IPM arsenal. IPM added the multidisciplinary element, involving entomologists, plant pathologists, nematologists, and weed scientists. In the United States, IPM was formulated into national policy in February 1972 when President Nixon directed federal agencies to take steps to advance the concept and application of IPM in all relevant sectors. In 1979, President Carter established an interagency IPM Coordinating Committee to ensure development and implementation of IPM practices. (references: The History of IPM, BioControl Reference Center. [1] How IPM works An IPM regime can be quite simple or sophisticated. Historically, the main focus of IPM programs was on agricultural insect pests.[2] Although originally developed for agricultural pest management, IPM programs are now developed to encompass diseases, weeds, and other pests that interfere with the management objectives of sites such as residential and commercial structures, lawn and turf areas, and home and community gardens. An IPM system is designed around six basic components: The US Environmental Protection Agency has a useful set of IPM principles. [2] 1. Acceptable pest levels: The emphasis is on control, not eradication. IPM holds that wiping out an entire pest population is often impossible, and the attempt can be more costly, environmentally unsafe, and frequently unachievable. IPM programs first work to establish acceptable pest levels, called action thresholds, and apply controls if those thresholds are crossed. These thresholds are pest and site specific, meaning that it may be acceptable at one site to have a weed such as white clover, but at another site it may not be acceptable. This stops the pest gaining resistance to chemicals produced by the plant or applied to the crops. If many of the pests are killed then any that have resistance to the chemical will rapidly reproduce forming a resistant population. By not killing all the pests there are some un-resistant pests left that will dilute any resistant genes that appear. 2. Preventive cultural practices: Selecting varieties best for local growing conditions, and maintaining healthy crops, is the first line of defense, together with plant quarantine and cultural techniques such as crop sanitation (e.g. removal of diseased plants to prevent spread of infection). 3. Monitoring: Regular observation is the cornerstone of IPM. Observation is broken into two steps, first; inspection and second; identification.[3] Visual inspection, insect and spore traps, and other measurement methods and monitoring tools are used to monitor pest levels. Accurate pest identification is critical to a successful IPM program. Record-keeping is essential, as is a thorough knowledge of the behavior and reproductive cycles of target pests. Since insects are cold-blooded, their physical development is dependent on the temperature of their environment. Many insects have had their development cycles modeled in terms of degree days. Monitor the degree days of an environment to determine when is the optimal time for a specific insects outbreak. 4. Mechanical controls: Should a pest reach an unacceptable level, mechanical methods are the first options to consider. They include simple hand-picking, erecting insect barriers, using traps, vacuuming, and tillage to disrupt breeding. 5. Biological controls: Natural biological processes and materials can provide control, with minimal environmental impact, and often at low cost. The main focus here is on promoting beneficial insects that eat target pests. Biological insecticides, derived from naturally occurring microorganisms (e.g.: Bt, entomopathogenic fungi and entomopathogenic nematodes), also fit in this category. 6. Chemical controls: Synthetic pesticides are generally only used as required and often only at specific times in a pests life cycle. Many of the newer pesticide groups are derived from plants or naturally occurring substances (e.g.: nicotine, pyrethrum and insect juvenile hormone analogues), and further biology-based or ecological techniques are under evaluation. IPM is applicable to all types of agriculture and sites such as residential and commercial structures, lawn and turf areas, and home and community gardens. Reliance on knowledge, experience, observation, and integration of multiple techniques makes IPM a perfect fit for organic farming (the synthetic chemical option is simply not considered). For large-scale, chemical-based farms, IPM can reduce human and environmental exposure to hazardous chemicals, and potentially lower overall costs of pesticide application material and labor. 1. Proper identification of pest What is it? Cases of mistaken identity may result in ineffective actions. If plant damage due to over-watering are mistaken for a fungal infection, a spray may be used needlessly and the plant still dies. 2. Learn pest and host life cycle and biology. At the time you see a pest, it may be too late to do much about it except maybe spray with a pesticide. Often, there is another stage of the life cycle that is susceptible to preventative actions. For example, weeds reproducing from last years seed can be prevented with mulches. Also, learning what a pest needs to survive allows you to remove these. 3. Monitor or sample environment for pest population How many are here? Preventative actions must be taken at the correct time if they are to be effective. For this reason, once you have correctly identified the pest, you begin monitoring BEFORE it becomes a problem. For example, in school cafeterias where roaches may be expected to appear, sticky traps are set out before school starts. Traps are checked at regular intervals so you can see them right away and do something before they get out of hand. Some of the things you might want to monitor about pest populations include: Is the pest present/absent? What is the distribution all over or only in certain spots? Is the pest population increasing or decreasing? 4. Establish action threshold (economic, health or aesthetic) How many are too many? In some cases, a certain number of pests can be tolerated. Soybeans are quite tolerant of defoliation, so if you have only a few caterpillars in the field and their population is not increasing dramatically, there is no need to do anything. Conversely, there is a point at which you MUST do something. For the farmer, that point is the one at which the cost of damage by the pest is MORE than the cost of control. This is an economic threshold. Tolerance of pests varies also by whether or not they are a health hazard (low tolerance) or merely a cosmetic damage (high tolerance in a non-commercial situation). Personal tolerances also vary many people dislike any insect; some people cannot tolerate dandelions in their yards. Different sites may also have varying requirements based on specific areas. White clover may be perfectly acceptable on the sides of a tee box on a golf course, but unacceptable in th e fairway where it could cause confusion in the field of play.[4] 5. Choose an appropriate combination of management tactics For any pest situation, there will be several options to consider. Options include, mechanical or physical control, cultural controls, biological controls and chemical controls. Mechanical or physical controls include picking pests off plants, or using netting or other material to exclude pests such as birds from grapes or rodents from structures. Cultural controls include keeping an area free of conducive conditions by removing or storing waste properly, removing diseased areas of plants properly. Biological controls can be support either through conservation of natural predators or augmentation of natural predators[5]. Augmentative control includes the introduction of naturally occurring predators at either an inundative or inoculative level[6]. An inundative release would be one that seeks to inundate a site with a pests predator to impact the pest population[7][8]. An inoculative release would be a smaller number of pest predators to supplement the natural population and provide ongoing control.[9] Chemical controls would include horticultural oils or the application of pesticides such as insecticides and herbicides. A Green Pest Management IPM program would use pesticides derived from plants, such as botanicals, or other naturally occurring materials. 6. Evaluate results How did it work? Evaluation is often one of the most important steps.[10] This is the process to review an IPM program and the results it generated. Asking the following questions is useful: Did your actions have the desired effect? Was the pest prevented or managed to your satisfaction? Was the method itself satisfactory? Were there any unintended side effects? What will you do in the future for this pest situation? Understanding the effectiveness of the IPM program allows the site manager to make modifications to the IPM plan prior to pests reaching the action threshold and requiring action again. Notes 1. ^ United States Environmental Protection Agency, Pesticides and Food: What Integrated Pest Management Means. 2. ^ http://www.umass.edu/umext/ipm/publications/guidelines/index.html. 3. ^ Bennett, Et Al., Trumans Scientific Guide to Pest Management Operations, 6th edition, page 10, Purdue University/Questex Press, 2005. 4. ^ Purdue University Turf Pest Management Correspondence Course, Introduction, 2006 5. ^ http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/IPM/biocontrol/ 6. ^ http://www.hort.uconn.edu/ipm/veg/htms/ecbtrich.htm 7. ^ http://pinellas.ifas.ufl.edu/green_pros/ipm_basics.shtml 8. ^ http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/IPM/biocontrol/Inundative_release.htm 9. ^ http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/IPM/biocontrol/Inoculative_release_.htm 10. ^ Bennett, Et Al., Trumans Scientific Guide to Pest Management Operations, 6th edition, page 12, Purdue University/Questex Press, 2005. References * Pests of Landscape Trees and Shrubs: An Integrated Pest Management Guide. Steve H. Dreistadt, Mary Louise Flint, et al., ANR Publications, University of California, Oakland, California, 1994. 328pp, paper, photos, reference tables, diagrams. * Bennett, Gary W., Ph.d., Owens, John M., Ph.d., Corrigan, Robert M, Ph.d. Trumans Scientific Guide to Pest Management Operations, 6th Edition, pages 10, 11, 12, Purdue University, Questex, 2005. * Jahn, GC, PG Cox., E Rubia-Sanchez, and M Cohen 2001. The quest for connections: developing a research agenda for integrated pest and nutrient management. pp. 413-430, In S. Peng and B. Hardy [eds.] â€Å"Rice Research for Food Security and Poverty Alleviation.† Proceeding the International Rice Research Conference, 31 March 3 April 2000, Los Baà ±os, Philippines. Los Baà ±os (Philippines): International Rice Research Institute. 692 p. * Jahn, GC, B. Khiev, C Pol, N. Chhorn and V Preap 2001. Sustainable pest management for rice in Cambodia. In P. Cox and R Chhay [eds.] â€Å"The Impact of Agricultural Research for Development in Southeast Asia† Proceedings of an International Conference held at the Cambodian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 24-26 Oct. 2000, Phnom Penh (Cambodia): CARDI. * Jahn, GC, JA Litsinger, Y Chen and A Barrion. 2007. Integrated Pest Management of Rice: Ecological Concepts. In Ecologically Based Integrated Pest Management (eds. O. Koul and G.W. Cuperus). CAB International Pp. 315-366. * Kogan, M 1998. INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT:Historical Perspectives and Contemporary Developments, Annual Review of Entomology Vol. 43: 243-270 (Volume publication date January 1998) (doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.43.1.243) * Nonveiller, Guido 1984. Catalogue commentà © et illustrà © des insectes du Cameroun dintà ©rà ªt agricole: (apparitions, rà ©partition, importance) / University of Belgrade/Institut pour la protection des plantes * US Environmental Protection Ag

Sheilas Character Developement throughout the course of An Inspector C

Sheila's Character Developement throughout the course of An Inspector Calls by J.B Priestley In this essay I am going to be describing how the character of Sheila develops throughout "An Inspector Calls" by J.B Priestley. Priestley was an English writer, who was born in Bradford. He served in the infantry during world war one, then afterwards attended Cambridge University. As a newspaper essayist and journalist, he wrote on a variety of subjects, then the publication of "The Good Companions" in 1929 led to his establishment as a writer. At the beginning of the play, Sheila seems to be fairly naive and acts like a younger girl. We see this when she talks to Gerald about the previous summer and his dissappearance. When Gerald explains that he was "awfully busy at the works all that time", we see that Gerald finds Sheila to be naive in that she believes Gerald was really working for all that time. We also see that Sheila is possesive of Gerald when she says that she would hate for him to become an expert on port "like one of those purple faced old men". Sheila's relationship with Eric is completely different, and we see that they are always arguing with each other or calling each other names.For example when Eric lets out the laugh during the dinner party, Sheila calls him "squiffy", or later on when she says "Don't be an ass, Eric." This seems to be a petty sibling rivalry. Sheila appears to get on very well with Mrs Birling. There never seems to be any aggression between the two, just polite conversation. Also, Sheila seems to agree with her mother most of the time , which we see when Mrs Birling objects to her husband talking about work, Sheila says "Neither do I. All wrong." Sheila seems to have a different relationship wit... ....: Through the course of the play Sheila slowly changes from a spoilt little rich snob into a mature young lady. She begins to share the inspectors' views on Edwardian society and brings about a few of her own views. The purpose of Priestly writing 'An Inspector Calls' was to get his views about Edwardian society across England. Using the inspector he criticizes The social order of Edwardian society. So any comment made by the inspector is a comment made by JB Priestly. Conclusion I have been able to successfully answer the essay question using Sheila Birling as my character to show how members of the Birling family changed. JB Priestly reveals the injustice that occurred in Edwardian society. He shows the audience that the upper class people of Edwardian society were consequently not the respectable upright citizens that their class positions would have implied.

Of Mice and Men Essay

The American dream was almost impossible in the 1930’s to achieve due to the Wall Street crash in 1929. This then started of the American depression throughout the 1930’s. I believe that John Steinbeck might have chosen to write of mice and men during this time to show what life was like for the last few migrant ranch workers travelling the country from job to job looking for work. Steinbeck would have been able to do this as he himself had grown up in the same area on a ranch that his father owned, he had also worked on the ranch so he would know what the ranch hands were like, what they dreamed of achieving, how they treated each other and acted towards one another. Steinbeck would have been able to describe in detail what the area and the ranches would have looked like, and also what the workers would have been like he might have used descriptions of actual workers that worked on his father’s ranch. The novel it’s self is written like a theatre play as it is only a short novel but it gives the reader great detail in its descriptions of how the scenery would have been set. â€Å"For a moment the place was lifeless, and then two men emerged from the path and came into the opening by the green pool†. The second scene in the book is when they arrive at the ranch and go into the bunk house â€Å"against the walls, were eight beds, five of them made up with blankets and the other three showing their burlap ticking†. There is also a lot descriptive detail of the characters. Curley’s wife in particular has an in depth character description which I believe will make up for her having no name. There are no chapter numbers in the novel but the novel is structured like acts in a play with each act having scenes of rising and falling tension at the beginning and end to entice the reader to read on. There are a limited number of characters in the novel which are all based in one place in the novel rather than spread out over several locations all over the Salinas River. The plot structure used for this novel is a classic linear quest narrative structure and is a very common way of western story telling. This type writing is where the main character of the story usually sets out to fulfil a dream. The dream in this novel for George is of buying his own land and being his own boss but it ends up with the George main character righting a wrong that Lennie has committed. The story usually ends up following a straight line from beginning to end following a line of causes and events throughout the novel. The story starts of with the initial situation where we meet the main characters and learn about their characteristics. The story continues onto the inciting incident where we meet Curley’s wife, and then follows onto the problem phase where we learn of any obstacles that the characters need to over come. The climax comes next where the protagonist must overcome the antagonist in order to achieve their goal; this then leads to the resolution of events where everything settles down in preparation for the end of the novel. Steinbeck introduces his characters George and Lennie as the two main who has to overcome the antagonist character which is Lennie. The readers will most relate to the character of George because he appears to the reader to be kind gentle hard working. You can tell these traits about him with the way he looks after Lennie and the fact that they move all over the country together, where as most farm hands travel on there own â€Å"guys like us quote†. Lennie is the antagonist of the story he is the character that is stopping the protagonist from succeeding at their dream. Lennie is a child like character who likes to pet nice things and this results in him attacking and killing. We see evidence of this throughout the novel when carry’s a dead mouse round at the beginning which he says he has accidentally killed and then when he kills the puppy given to him by the character Slim. This all ends with him killing Curley’s wife in the barn. This results in George final ly overcoming Lennie by killing him. The character that I have chosen is Curley’s wife she is portrayed as a femme fatale where as I see the character as being more than that. I see that she is a lonely woman looking for attention and someone to talk to as her husband Curley doesn’t speak to her. â€Å"Well I ain’t giving you no trouble. Think I don’t like to talk to somebody ever’ once in a while? Think I like to stick in that house alla time†. We here about the character before we actually meet her when Candy is gossiping to George and Lennie about her just after they have met curly he says she is pretty and gives everyone the eye also that she is blamed for everything that goes wrong on the ranch, leading the reader to see her a tart â€Å"Well, I think Curley’s married†¦.. a tart† when we do meet her later on in that scene she is given an in depth character description. She is described as a girl who is heavily made up full lips, red nails, hair hung in clusters. After George and Lennie have met her George refers to her as jail bait and warns Lennie to stay away from her. This is where we are first given the impression that the dream is going to fail to become reality. Lennie can’t stop starring at her and she leans against the door frame pushing her body forward flirting with them. She says she is looking for Curley which is what she always says. I would say out of all the characters in the book she relates best to slim as he is the only person who doesn’t think that she is a tart. We meet her three times in total in the novel the third time ending in her death thus ending the dream for George and Lennie. The second time we meet her is in crooks room where I she is also heavily made up again she is mean to the guys that are left behind she calls them all a name â€Å"nigger, an’ a dum dum, and a lousy ol’ sheep†. The dialogue that is used after the scene is set is used to help move the story forward and develop the characters. The dialogue used is quite simple to start off with at the beginning and developing into more detailed and heavy the further through the scene we go. The dialogue is also very descriptive of what the character that is being spoken to is doing at that particular moment. Curley’s wife dialogue is mostly I would say heavy to give the indication that she is a complex character in the story â€Å"sure I gotta husban’. You all seen him. Swell guy, ain’t he? Spends all his time sayin’ what he’s gonna do to guys he don’t like, and he don’t like nobody. Think I’m gonna stay in that two-by- four house and listen how Curley’s gonna lead with his left twice, and then bring in the ol’ right cross† the main function of that quote is to say what she thinks of the life that she has got and how she is treated by her husband. The dialogue used by Curley’s wife is mostly about her being a lonely character â€Å"I get lonely, you can talk to people but I can’t talk to nobody but Curley. Else he gets mad. How’d you like not to talk to anybody†. She is also sympathetic to Lennie when she learns he has killed his puppy â€Å"don’t you worry none. He was jus’ a mutt. You can get another one easy. The whole country is full of mutts†. The main function of this dialogue is that you see she found someone who wants to talk back to her and someone she can talk to who isn’t scared of Curley but Curley is scared of them. Steinbeck has structured the whole story so that it leads the reader to the expectation of the dream failing for George and Lennie. The novel title is the first clue that we get of this idea as it is taken from the poem to a mouse by Robert burns â€Å"But, mousie, thou art not alone, improving foresight may be in vain, the best laid schemes of mice and men, go oft astray and leave us nought but grief and pain, to rend our day†. The next one is what we learn about Lennie liking to stroke and pet nice things, and finding out what happened in weed their last place of employment. Lennie is the character who is the most dedicated to the dream and he is also the one who expresses it the most, George however supports him. We then find out about the mice that Lennie keeps on accidentally killing before he progresses up to the killing of the puppy in the barn, this leads to the accidental killing of Curley’s wife also in the barn. There is also when Carlson shots Candy’s dog in the back of the head which is setting us up for George killing Lennie which is does in exactly the same way. When George is telling slim why they left weed he says â€Å"if I was bright, if I was even a little bit smart, I’d have my own little place, an’ I’d be bringin’ in my own crops, ‘stead of doin’ all the work and not what comes up outta the ground† I think means that George does not realty think the dream will ever become reality. I believe that Steinbeck may well have chosen to write Of Mice and Men at the time he did in 1937 as it was a time when both the story and the reality would have been very similar, as all over America migrant workers were being replaced by machines and it will show what life was like for the remaining migrant workers on ranches. He made the story a tragedy to show that all people dream and that sometimes their dreams will fail. Steinbeck wanted the reader to understand what it was like being a migrant worker on a ranch during the depression and to show how they were treated by the owners. He also wanted the reader to know that everyone dreams of a better life for themselves and that they will strive hard to try achieve it. The story its self does still have some relevance today as there are not enough jobs and so people are still continuing to rely on agencies where they will travel from job to job

All About Carbon Fiber and How Its Made

All About Carbon Fiber and How It's Made Also called graphite fiber or carbon graphite, carbon fiber consists of very thin strands of the element carbon. Carbon fibers have high tensile strength and are very strong for their size. In fact, carbon fiber might be the strongest material there is. Each fiber is 5-10 microns in diameter. To give a sense of how small that is, one micron (um) is 0.000039 inches. One strand of spider web silk is usually between 3-8 microns. Carbon fibers are twice as stiff as steel and five times as strong as steel, (per unit of weight). They also are highly chemically resistant and have high-temperature tolerance with low thermal expansion. Carbon fibers are important in engineering materials, aerospace, high-performance vehicles, sporting equipment, and musical instrumentsto name just a few of their uses. Raw Materials Carbon fiber is made from organic polymers, which consist of long strings of molecules held together by carbon atoms.  Most carbon fibers (about 90 percent) are made from the polyacrylonitrile (PAN) process. A small amount (about 10 percent) are manufactured from rayon or the petroleum pitch process.  Gases, liquids, and other materials used in the manufacturing process create specific effects, qualities, and grades of carbon fiber. The highest grade carbon fiber with the best modulus properties are used in demanding applications such as aerospace. Carbon fiber manufacturers differ from one another in the combinations of raw materials they use. They usually treat their specific formulations as trade secrets. Manufacturing Process In the manufacturing process, the raw materials, which are called precursors, are drawn into long strands or fibers. The fibers are woven into fabric or combined with other materials that are filament wound or molded into desired shapes and sizes. There are typically five segments in the manufacturing of carbon fibers from the PAN process. These are: Spinning. PAN mixed with other ingredients and spun into fibers, which are washed and stretched.Stabilizing. Chemical alteration to stabilize bonding.Carbonizing. Stabilized fibers heated to very high temperature forming tightly bonded carbon crystals.Treating the Surface. ​The surface of fibers oxidized to improve bonding properties.Sizing. Fibers are coated and wound onto bobbins, which are loaded onto spinning machines that twist the fibers into different size yarns. Instead of being woven into fabrics, fibers may be formed into composites. To form composite materials, heat, pressure, or a vacuum binds fibers together with a plastic polymer. Manufacturing Challenges The manufacture of carbon fibers carries a number of challenges, including: The need for more cost-effective recovery and repair.The surface treatment process must be carefully regulated to avoid creating pits that could result in defective fibers.Close control required to ensure consistent quality.Health and safety issuesSkin irritationBreathing irritationArcing and shorts in electrical equipment because of the strong electro-conductivity of carbon fibers. Future of Carbon Fiber Because of its high tensile strength and lightweight, many consider carbon fiber to be the most significant manufacturing material of our generation. Carbon fiber may play an increasingly important role in areas such as: Energy: Windmill blades, natural gas storage, and transportation, fuel cells.Automobiles: Currently used just for high-performance vehicles, carbon fiber technology is moving into wider use.  In December 2011 General Motors announced that it is working on carbon fiber composites for mass production of automobiles.Construction: Lightweight pre-cast concrete, earthquake protection.Aircraft: Defense and commercial aircraft.  Unmanned aerial vehicles.Oil exploration: Deepwater drilling platforms, drill pipes.Carbon nanotubes: Semiconductor materials, spacecraft, chemical sensors, and other uses. In 2015, carbon fiber had a $2.25 billion market size. Projections have the market expanding to $31 billion by 2024. To accomplish this, costs must be reduced and new applications targeted.